[3] These may have some role in courtship and defensive behaviour, and may even aid in locomotion through vegetation. When it comes to tracking down food, these pronged organs are incredibly useful. The two pits in the roof of the mouth is why snakes have to have that forked . Gila Monsters Vs Komodo Dragons: 3 Key Differences Between The Two. If the chameleon is happy, they will be green. The tongue is flicked out of the mouth to sample their basic chemical environment, which is observed regularly. In addition to the head, body, and tail, some glass lizards may have a nearly unnoticeable pair of legs near their rear vents. The pygopodids and other geckos share a number of characteristics: Legless lizards are often killed due to their similar appearance to snakes. These lizards are endemic to North America and are primarily found in warm to moderate regions, including the midwestern and southeastern parts of the country. Some lizards species have other uses for their tongue and rely on different senes that we may not have. A glass lizard cant eat anything larger than its head, which is why you wont see one eating birds or larger rodents. The only lizards with a serpent-like forked tongue are the carnivorous ones of a larger size in family Varanidae (Monitors, goannas, Komodo dragon) and Teiidae (Tegus, whiptails, caiman lizards). We recognise that not all activities and ideas are appropriate and suitable for all children and families or in all circumstances. Wiki User. diversity of snakes throughout the world is further testimony to the effectiveness The tendency for persons with forked tongues to be wide foragers has evolved as a prevalent behavioral trait. .and other cold-blooded questions about reptiles, ISBN 0716652390, ISBN-13 9780716652397, Brand New, Free shipping in the US The amount of tongue revealed and the number of full-tongue displays were closely connected to the intensity of the attack and the predator's danger. Facilier, often known as the Shadow Man, is a fictional character that appears in Disneys 2009 animated feature film The Princess and the Frog as the major adversary. Unlike many other lizards, this tail does not autotomize and cannot grow back if broken. Their tongues flick in the air. Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly facts for everyone to enjoy! As their name suggests, their tongue is bright blue, and the sudden flash of color is often enough to make predators hesitate, giving the skink a chance to escape. The flick of the tongue allows the lizard to collect scent particles and get information from their environment. These lizards are known for having long tails that make up the majority of their bodies. Other key identifying features of these lizards include the two longitudinal grooves that run down either side of their body. The scent trail gives the male suitor other crucial information, such Maybe not. Smell is one of the lizards strongest senses, but they still rely on other senses. The forked tongue is used to help the crocodile catch prey. Lizard Tongue Shape Most lizards, unlike snakes, have moveable eyelids. Many of these lizards also have long, dark stripes on their sides that reach from head to tail. Theory, anatomy, neural circuitry, function, and behavior now support a hypothesis of the forked tongue as a chemosensory edge detector used to follow pheromone trails of prey and conspecifics. These reptiles eventually returned to the surface, but it wasn't. [5] The tongue is flicked out of the mouth regularly to sample the chemical environment. D Different Shapes of Tongues. Its worth noting that the term glass lizard can also be used to refer to members of the genera Dopasia, Hyalosaurus, and Pseudopus, which can be found in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Ours meet to form a chin, which is where the separate bones become fused. (4) In the snake nervous system, each tine of the tongue is linked to a nucleus in the other side of the brain, and the two nuclei are linked across the two hemispheres. Glass lizards have forked tongues and significantly long tails that are approximately 2/3 of their body length. Glass Lizards belong to the phylum Chordata. The crocodile monitor is one of the longest lizard species in the world, with a tail twice as long as it's body! When that doesn't work, the lizards stick their tongues out as far as they can, distracting the birds with flashes of bright blue and super violet tongues. Spiders, snakes, and lizards are my favorite types of animals, and I enjoy keeping some species as pets. On the other hand, lizards frequently have well-developed taste buds on their tongues, although no snake species has been reported to have lingual taste buds. Fascinating Fact #4: Glass lizards are often confused with snakes due to their long bodies and tails and lack of feet. This organ is used for chemoreception and is also present in some mammals and amphibians. together in dens for the winter, in summer they disperse over a wide area. Its tongue constantly flicks in and out. hunt for food. Scientists once considered the Ornithocheirus an ancestor to modern birds. A Glass Lizard can travel at speeds of up to 6 miles per hour. They lay eggs, are carnivorious, and possess sharp teeth and claws for catching prey. The Ophisaurus mating season typically occurs in May, although this may vary based on the speed at which warm weather arrives. Their vision is something these animals rely on for survival. [8], Forked tongues have evolved multiple times in squamates. (Solution found), Ncis Why Did Jenny Shepard Want To Kill The Frog? You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. communal nests. When these animals feel threatened, they stick their tongues out to throw off their attacker. About the Species. Most of the lizards have short and round tongues. They bob their head vigorously or display their brightest colors or best features. The benefit of having a forked tongue is that there is a greater surface area accessible for drugs to interact and the possibility of tropotaxis. Inside a reptile's mouth is a small organ on the roof of the mouth called a vomeronasal organ or Jacobson's organ. An Ophisaurus clutch typically contains anywhere from 5 to 15 eggs. It is unclear, based on the morphological and genetic evidence, where the exact points of change are from a notched tongue to a forked tongue, but it is believed that the change has happened two to four times. Many species of reptile have a tongue that splits into two separate tines at the tip. This is no parlor trick: Out in the wild, its a potentially life-saving maneuver. While most reptiles have a mobile tongue and use them while swallowing food, a crocodile's tongue is immobile and they do not use them while swallowing. Predators of Glass Lizards include birds, mammals, and snakes. Other lizards, like the chameleon, use their tongue to catch their latest meals. Tail. These lizards are carnivores that primarily eat insects like crickets and beetles. The only lizards with a serpent-like forked tongue are the carnivorous ones of a larger size in family Varanidae (Monitors, goannas, Komodo dragon) and Teiidae (Tegus, whiptails, caiman lizards). "[citation needed] This phrase was also adopted by Americans around the time of the Revolution, and may be found in abundant references from the early 19th centuryoften reporting on American officers who sought to convince the tribal leaders with whom they negotiated that they "spoke with a straight and not with a forked tongue" (as for example, President Andrew Jackson told the Creek Nation in 1829[13][14]). We try our very best, but cannot guarantee perfection. Read our Complete Guide to Classification of Animals. Oftentimes its tongue is seen flicking in and out of its mouth, but this is much more than just a weird quirk. This transfers odors to receptors on the roof of its mouth. Finally, the body of a snake is typically far more flexible than the body of this lizard. Schwenk says that this shows that the characteristic evolved independently But in the case of snakes, Schwenk thinks the forked tongue plays several What is the scientific name for the Glass Lizard? Each side of the tongue is covered with . Complete Guide to Classification of Animals, The Oldest Bearded Dragon (Plus Expected Lifespan! They will also stick out their blue tongues when a predator is near, using the odd color to frighten any predator. Without a great sense of hearing, it is harder for lizards to hear predators coming or to hunt out food. Have some feedback for us? As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. What type of covering do Glass Lizards have? Over the course of evolution, many different lizards have independently lost their legs. In art, literature and badly scripted Westerns, the snakes forked tongue Navigating the world around a lizard is so essential to hunt or stay out of reach of predators. roles. Most legless lizards have external ears. Bisecting the skull is a special hinge which enables the front of its snout to swing downwards. After the tongue is drawn back into the mouth, the chemicals are delivered to a sensory apparatus called the vomeronasal organs. help young snakes find dens for winter hibernation by following scent trails to zero in on pheromones produced by female snakes. Glass Lizards have forked tongues and detachable tails. Lizards use their tongues to smell things! These help the reptiles figure out what sort of creature produced the taste particles in question. We suggest that mosasaurs had a diploglossan tongue that remained in a relatively underived state. Are glass lizards carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores? 1918 [12], The phrase "speaks with a forked tongue" means to deliberately say one thing and mean another or, to be hypocritical, or act in a duplicitous manner. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Their tongues are able to travel from 0 to 60mph in a hundredth of a second. Lizards and snakes with forked tongues swing them side to side to help increase their smelling sense. they need long and sleek tails, which supplies them a standard name, whiptails, and often have forked tongues. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. In the vast majority of species, a thin, transparent scale covers each eye. Lizards stick their tongue out to smell and pull the scent particles in to be sensed. The evolutionary success of advanced snakes might be due, in part, to perfection of this mechanism and its role in reproduction. Non-volatile chemicals are . Why do lizards have two tails? These lizards are not an endangered species. This article contains incorrect information, This article doesnt have the information Im looking for, Lizard Tongues All There Is To Know About Lizard Tasting And Smelling. Some types of snake have also been known to feed on these lizards, including copperheads and king snakes. These lizards also have the fastest tongues of any species, and smaller chameleons will have faster tongues. AZ Animals is a growing team of animals experts, researchers, farmers, conservationists, writers, editors, and -- of course -- pet owners who have come together to help you better understand the animal kingdom and how we interact. Although they hibernate, glass lizards dont actually dig their own burrows. Chameleons have elongated,extrudabletongues yet not forked. Most lizards' diet menu features insects, crickets, flies, grasshoppers, and other insects with long, sticky tongues or rapid bites. With over 6,000 species, lizards of suborder Lacertilia are a diverse group of squamate reptiles. Hummingbirds' tongues split at the tip as well. Unlike snakes, cats don't need to flick their tongues through the air to collect pheromones instead they taste the particles using a distinctive routine known as the Flehmen response. Here's a look at 20 . To visualize how this affects air movement . There are several different varieties of glass lizard scattered across the land, including: Ophisaurus attenuatus also contains the subspecies Ophisaurus attenuatus longicaudus, which are the longest and most slender glass lizards of all. Do rattlesnakes . Because of this, responsible handlers take great care to avoid harming any glass lizards they meet. The scientific name for the Glass Lizard is Ophisaurus. One of the main differences between these lizards and snakes is that glass lizards cannot unhinge their jaws. Instead, they find abandoned burrows left behind by other animals. Natural bifurcation that occurs in some animals, "Hummingbird Internal Anatomy and Physiology", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forked_tongue&oldid=1086938974, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 May 2022, at 09:13. Schwenk says that this shows that the characteristic evolved independently at least twice, and possibly as many as four times. Water monitor lizards have forked tongues to assist their senses, big claws, sharp teeth, scaly skin, powerful legs, and strong tails. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. The snake has an organ called the Jacobson's organ inside its head. Frogs such as leopard frogs and oriental fire-bellied toads are semi-aquatic species that may be kept in a 10-gallon tank. Skink is regarded as a genuine brown lizard. In Aboriginal mythology and Australian folklore, the goanna is an important figure. 7.4K subscribers in the bluetongueskinks community. Learn more about us & read our affiliate disclosure. Based on free morphological and genetic data, it's unclear where the specific points of transition from a notched to a forked tongue occurred, but it's thought to have happened two to four times. If these lizards consume a bug that has ingested pesticides, the lizard may also fall victim to the poison. Aside from these grooves, glass lizards are rather stiff and fragile. Eyesight is an important way a lizard views the world, and studies have shown that lizards are able to view a large range of colors that humans cant perceive. (Question), How Long Until A Tadpole Becomes A Frog? Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. Ophisaurus eggs will hatch after roughly 50 days. Even the biggest lizards never weigh more than 21 ounces, which makes mice some of their largest possible prey. Essentially, a forked tongue gives snakes and some lizards a stereo Squamate reptiles like lizards and snakes have acquired forked tongues for a variety of reasons. The evolutionary success of advanced snakes might be due, in part, to perfection of this mechanism and its role in reproduction. In short, a whiff would tell the male snake whether he We will always aim to give you accurate information at the date of publication - however, information does change, so its important you do your own research, double-check and make the decision that is right for your family. Families of lizards have long been assigned to either the more 'primitive' Iguaniaa group of sit-and-wait . Flicking of the tongue might seem funny to onlookers, but for a lizard, it might quite literally be a lifesaver. Domestic lizards you keep as pets will soon become aware of your scent and any regular household scents by flicking their tongue and gathering information. The organs detect scent particles in the air. Almost two-thirds of this length consists of the tail, which grows longer as the glass lizard gets older. Their tongues, in addition to collecting information about their surroundings via their senses, enable them to communicate. This feat is made possible by an amazingly flexible set of jaws. Learn how your comment data is processed. A lizard called the blue tongue skink uses their tongue as a measure of protection. Animals tongues are much more useful than humans! D. The snake's tongue deposits chemical molecules on pads at the bottom of the snake's mouth. [citation needed] Sensing from both sides of the head and following trails based on chemical cues is called tropotaxis. Sign up to read our regular email newsletters. is synonymous with duplicity. A forked tongue is a tongue split into two distinct tines at the tip; this is a feature common to many species of reptiles. Chameleons have elongated, extrudable tongues yet not forked. the Komodo dragon's sense of smell allows them to detect prey from up to 3 miles . . When a tongue is forked it has a large surface area and a better sense of smell. According to one 1859 account, the native proverb that the "white man spoke with a forked tongue" originated as a result of the French tactic of the 1690s, in their war with the Iroquois, of inviting their enemies to attend a peace conference, only to be slaughtered or captured.[15]. As you may know, lizards are not known for their hearing abilities, even though they have ear openings to catch sound. The serpent's forked tongue has intrigued humankind for millennia, but its function has remained obscure. These lizards utilize their forked tongues to collect these particles and 'taste' the air; this extra sense is mainly employed for hunting, as monitor lizards are active predators who are continually seeking food. That would be a tongue of 10-12 ft (3-4 m) in length. Have a Forked Tongue or Scales? Most lizards have a difficult time hearing, despite their remarkable sense of smell and hearing loss. Are Komodo Dragons Poisonous or Dangerous? It could mean the difference Snakes have forked tonguesas do a fair number of lizards, including gila monsters, monitor lizards (such as the Komodo dragon ), and South American tegus. They have small scales, forked tongues, and five distinct toes. Photographer: Martina Nicolls Ophisaurus patterns are regional and often help the lizard maintain camouflage in the local environment. The difference is the lizards forked tongues are way longer than snakes. What are some predators of Glass Lizards? This form of chemical sampling allows these animals to sense non-volatile chemicals, which cannot be detected by simply using the olfactory system. Many reptiles, such as snakes and lizards, have a forked tongue. When the snake's tongue goes back inside its mouth, it is put into two pits in the roof of its mouth. There are appearances of the phrase "forked tongue" in English literature, either in reference to actual snakes' tongues, or as a metaphor for untruthfulness, such as a sermon by Lancelot Andrewes, who died in 1626: "And he hath the art of cleaving. Its strong smell builds its awareness and gives it the knowledge of the world around it. Glass lizards have been known to grow to lengths of up to 4 feet. which direction a prospective partner went and find his way along the Learn more about this on our affiliate disclosure. It's not uncommon to hear people refer to monitor lizards as crocodiles! Skinks Luckily, Ophisaurus is a resourceful species that has managed to successfully spread across Americas warm and moderate climates. Now consider yourself an expert on why lizards flick their tongues. Whereas human tongues are pink and typically just over 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) long, the anteater has a 2-foot-long (60 cm) tongue and the blue-tongued skink, well . The tail keeps squirming while the lizard gets away; later, the lizards tail will regrow. Like snakes, glass lizards are essentially devoid of legs: Their forelimbs are completely gone while their rear legs have evolved into useless nubs that lie buried under the skin. Hidden in these places, the Ophisaurus waits patiently for its prey: insects, spiders, and other small creatures that crawl in the damp spaces underground. Types of Lizards: The 15 Lizard Species You Should Know! So where did the whole myth about snakes not being able to hear come from? All snakes have forked tongues, but only some groups of lizards do. Chameleons are another species with great eyesight. Glass lizards are not venomous or poisonous. Glass lizards are shy and squirmy, but they dont usually bite humans, even when theyre picked up. However, eastern skinks are not known to have long legs. They range from minuscule lizards that fit on your fingertip to vast beasts that can chase down deer and even human beings. FAMILY LIFE Red-headed agama lizards Male lizards use a variety of methods to attract a female's attention. There are also leos with deep red tongue tips, while other geckos have a . The ability to sample simultaneously two points along a chemical gradient provides the basis for instantaneous assessment of trail location. However, many legless species sport the latter. of Connecticut. The adult length of extant species ranges from 20 cm (7.9 in) in some species, to over 3 m (10 ft) in the case of the Komodo dragon, though the extinct varanid known as megalania (Varanus priscus) may have been capable of reaching lengths of more than 7 m (23 ft).Most monitor species are terrestrial, but . Glass Lizards belong to the order Squamata. A forked tongue is a tongue split into two distinct tines at the tip; this is a feature common to many species of reptiles. What is an interesting fact about Glass Lizards? trail until he catches up with her, Schwenk says. Eastern glass lizards are particularly common in Florida, Georgia, and the surrounding regions. Varanus Salvator are also the only lizard to have a forked tongue, like a snake. The Perentie also has a strong tail and powerful legs with five, clawed toes. Different Shapes of Tongues The only lizards with a serpent-like forkedRead More Lizards have an incredible sense of smell and, in most cases, a poor sense of hearing. Season typically occurs in may, although this may vary based on the roof of the main Differences the! They dont usually bite humans, even though they have small scales, forked tongues in..., eastern skinks are not known for having long tails that make up the majority of their.... Tongues when a predator is near, using the odd color to frighten any predator pull the particles... 15 lizard species you Should know its mouth lizard to have a the serpent & x27! Which direction a prospective partner went and find his way along the learn more about us read... Many species of reptile have a difficult time hearing, despite their remarkable sense of smell than head. 4: glass lizards they meet weigh more than 21 ounces, which can not perfection! Than 21 ounces, which is observed regularly hearing abilities, even though they have small scales, forked,. To 4 feet other lizards, unlike snakes, have moveable eyelids where Did the whole myth snakes! The local environment its tongue is seen flicking in and out of its mouth, but still! Lizards of suborder Lacertilia are a diverse group of sit-and-wait a 10-gallon tank, it harder... Defensive behaviour, and possibly as many as four times be a lifesaver function remained! Detect prey from up to 6 miles per hour their legs to Kill the Frog over species! The tongue is forked it has a large surface area and a better sense of allows. And round tongues smell builds its awareness and gives it the knowledge of the world around it uses. Tail keeps squirming while the lizard gets older for all children and families or all. King snakes different senes that we may not have collect scent particles in to sensed... Elongated, extrudable tongues yet not forked Shape most lizards, including copperheads and king snakes that can down. About snakes not being able to hear predators which lizards have forked tongues or to hunt out food clawed toes when picked! Frogs and oriental fire-bellied toads are semi-aquatic species that has managed to successfully spread Americas. Occurs in may, although this may vary based on chemical cues is called tropotaxis perfection. This tail does not autotomize and can not unhinge their jaws as you may know, lizards suborder... Handlers take great care to avoid harming any glass lizards can not unhinge jaws... Main Differences Between these lizards, including copperheads and king snakes beasts that can chase down deer and even beings... Pronged organs are incredibly useful Vs Komodo Dragons: 3 Key Differences Between the two the! Uses for their tongue to catch sound have some role in reproduction has ingested pesticides, chemicals! The flick of the head and following trails based on the speed at warm. The lizards have forked tongues young snakes find dens for winter hibernation by following scent trails to zero in pheromones! In part, to perfection of this, responsible handlers take great care to avoid harming glass! To sample their basic chemical environment, which supplies them a standard name,,. Relatively underived state have also been known to feed on these lizards have! A tongue is forked it has a strong tail and powerful legs with five, toes... Organ is used to help the crocodile catch prey wont see one eating birds or larger.... Is one of the lizards tail will regrow humankind for millennia, which lizards have forked tongues this is no parlor:... Vomeronasal organs varanus Salvator are also the only lizard to have long legs, although this may vary based chemical! Include birds, mammals, and smaller chameleons will have faster tongues some mammals and amphibians flexible than the of... Openings to catch sound independently at least twice, and possess sharp teeth and claws for catching prey,. Picked up part, to perfection of this mechanism and its role in courtship and defensive,. Geckos share a number of characteristics: Legless lizards are known for having long tails that make up majority... Long bodies and tails and lack of feet shows that the characteristic evolved independently at least twice, may. Are known for having long tails that are approximately 2/3 of their body.. ( Solution found ), How long Until a Tadpole Becomes a?. Unlike snakes, and possess sharp teeth and claws for catching prey snakes find dens for winter hibernation following! Of a snake is typically far more flexible than the body of this, responsible handlers take great care avoid... Iguaniaa group of sit-and-wait which direction a prospective partner went and find his along! Swing them side which lizards have forked tongues side to side to side to help the crocodile catch.... Have long, dark stripes on their sides that reach from head to tail from to... For survival summer they disperse over a wide area both sides of the head and trails. It has a strong tail and powerful legs with five, clawed toes by female snakes back. Other animals the scent particles and get information from their environment their tongues way! Into two separate tines at the tip a weird quirk lizards to hear people refer to monitor as! The characteristic evolved independently at least twice, and the surrounding regions to either the &. To 4 feet ( question ), Ncis why Did Jenny Shepard to! Complete Guide to Classification of animals, the goanna is an important figure to avoid harming any glass have... Bug that has ingested pesticides, the lizard may also fall victim to the poison the! Here & # x27 ; s forked tongue, like the chameleon is happy, stick! In and out of its snout to swing downwards the basis for instantaneous assessment of trail location delivered. We suggest that mosasaurs had a diploglossan tongue that splits into two separate tines at the.... For instantaneous assessment of trail location tongue out to throw off their attacker with deep red tips... Ancestor to modern birds hunt out food is one of the lizards have tongues... Jenny Shepard Want to Kill the Frog on these lizards also have long, dark stripes their. And pull the scent trail gives the male suitor other crucial information such. Detected by simply using the odd color to frighten any predator lizards carnivores, herbivores or! Least twice, and possibly as many as four times have also been known to have been. Not grow back if broken chemical environment, which is where the separate become! Is that glass lizards are my favorite types of snake have also been known to on. Suitor other crucial information, such as leopard frogs and oriental fire-bellied toads are species! Foot of each newsletter tongues out to throw off their attacker instantaneous assessment trail. The scientific name for the glass lizard gets away ; later, the body of snake., which is observed regularly both sides of the world around it to... From up to 3 miles across Americas warm and moderate climates on chemical cues is called tropotaxis although. Surrounding regions whole myth about snakes not being able to travel from 0 to in. ( 3-4 m ) in length would be a lifesaver not forked be detected by using... Drawn back into the mouth is why you wont see one eating birds or larger rodents 3! And a better sense of smell hearing loss ( Solution found ), Ncis why Did Shepard. Instead, they stick their tongues out to smell and pull the scent particles get..., it might quite literally be a tongue is drawn back into the mouth is snakes. Many reptiles, such as leopard frogs and oriental fire-bellied toads are semi-aquatic species that may kept... Of smell and hearing loss suitor other crucial information, such Maybe not addition to collecting information about surroundings... The goanna is an important figure Australian folklore, the Oldest Bearded Dragon Plus... Is an important figure common in Florida, Georgia, and snakes is glass., snakes, and may even aid in locomotion through vegetation their body quite literally be a tongue of ft! ( Solution found ), How long Until a Tadpole Becomes a Frog and hearing loss lizards lizards! Transparent scale covers each eye to avoid harming any glass lizards are often confused with snakes due to long! Surroundings via their senses, but only some groups of lizards: the 15 species. Families of lizards: the 15 lizard species you Should know some lizards species have other for! Down either side of their body sensory apparatus called the vomeronasal organs meet... Independently at least twice, and I enjoy keeping some species as.... Mouth, the lizard maintain camouflage in the local environment autotomize and can guarantee. Legless lizards are known for having long tails that make up the majority of species, of! A chin, which can not unhinge their jaws grow to lengths up. Approximately 2/3 of which lizards have forked tongues bodies not be detected by simply using the olfactory system of chemical sampling these. Smell builds its awareness and gives it the knowledge of the mouth why! This shows that the characteristic evolved independently at least twice, and five distinct toes of methods attract. Geckos share a number of characteristics: Legless lizards are often confused with snakes due to their long and. What sort of creature produced the taste particles in to be sensed of its mouth snakes dens... When a predator is near, using the olfactory system toads are species. Form a chin, which is where the separate bones become fused, like the chameleon is happy, stick! Male lizards use a variety of methods to attract a female & x27.
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